What Causes Vaginal Dryness?

Vaginal dryness is a common condition that affects many women at different stages of life. It happens when the vaginal lining becomes thin and lacks moisture. This can cause discomfort during daily activities and pain during sex.

Main Causes of Vaginal Dryness

The most common cause is low estrogen levels. Estrogen is a hormone that keeps the vaginal lining thick, moist, and healthy. When estrogen drops, the vaginal walls become thin and dry.

Estrogen levels can decrease due to:

• Menopause and perimenopause (the years leading up to menopause)
• Breastfeeding and childbirth
• Surgical removal of the ovaries
• Cancer treatments like chemotherapy or radiation
• Certain medications, including some birth control pills and antidepressants

Other factors can also contribute. Antihistamines and cold medications can dry out vaginal tissue. Sjögren's syndrome, an autoimmune disorder, causes dryness throughout the body. Smoking reduces blood flow and can worsen symptoms.

Symptoms to Watch For

Common symptoms include vaginal itching or burning, pain during sex, light bleeding after sex, and frequent urinary tract infections. Some women also notice a thin, watery discharge.

How to Treat Vaginal Dryness

Treatment depends on the cause and severity. Many options are available:

Over-the-counter options: Vaginal moisturizers and water-based lubricants can provide relief. Moisturizers are used regularly to maintain moisture, while lubricants help during sex.

Prescription treatments: Low-dose vaginal estrogen comes in creams, tablets, or rings. These release small amounts of estrogen directly to vaginal tissue. For women with more symptoms, doctors may recommend systemic estrogen therapy.

When to See a Doctor

Talk to your healthcare provider if vaginal dryness affects your daily life or causes pain during sex. Untreated dryness can lead to vaginal infections, sores, and increased risk of urinary tract infections. Your doctor can find the cause and recommend the best treatment for you.